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^                  ^ Cells                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ^ Regions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ^ Heat support multi-regions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ^ Cascading https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/OpenStack_cascading_solution                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ^   ^
| Pros.            | A single Nova API endpoint for scaling out nova within a region                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | Discrete regions with separate API endpoints (Nova Cinder,Neutron,Ceilometer, Glance) and no coordination between regions.                                                                                                                                                       | Heat as the multi-site orchestration engine for discrete regions                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | 1. Single OpenStack API ( Nova, Cinder, Neutron, Ceilometer, Glance, KeyStone ) for multi-site NFV cloud.2. OpenStack ( Nova, Cinder, Neutron, Ceilometer, Glance, KeyStone ) as the multi-site orchestration layer, discrete OpenStack instances in multi-regions consolidated.3. Global quota control by the cascading OpenStack.4.Image replication, 5.global resource view.  |   |
| Cons.            | 1. Only Nova can scale out for multi-site. 2. Nova cells using RPC message for cross-site communication, difficult for cross-site integration, upgrade, trouble shooting. 3. John Garbutt/Russell Bryant: cells mostly should be used inside one data center/region, except that multi-data center is interconnected with high bandwidth/low latency.   The recommendation is independent deployment for Cinder,Neutron,Ceilometer, Glance in each region. But production operation multsite use cases is to use shared Cinder, Ceilometer, Glance and Nova-Network / Shared Neutron ( https://www.openstack.org/summit/vancouver-2015/summit-videos/presentation/tips-tricks-and-tactics-with-cells-and-scaling-openstack )  | 1. Tenant’s resources are discrete and not connected by tenant’s isolated network.2. Networking across different site has to be set up manually.3. Lots of discrete service endpoints.4. No global quota control.5.discrete IP address space management.5. No image replication  | 1. Currently only VPN supported for project level cross-site networking automation 2.No solution for image management and distribution across multi-sites.3.Still Lots of discrete Nova /Cinder /Neutron /Ceilometer service endpoints.4.no good solution for global consistent resource view and quota control. 5.discrete IP address space management  | 1. PoC just finished.2. Currently GRE tunneling/L2 provider network supported for project level cross-site networking automation. More cross-site networking mechanism need to be developed.                                                                                                                                                                                     |   |
| Common Cons.     |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               | Only VPN supported for project level isolated cross-OpenStack networking, proper L2/L3 cross-OpenStack networking for VNFs should be identified and developed.                                                                                                                   | Only VPN supported for project level isolated cross-OpenStack networking, proper L2/L3 cross-OpenStack networking for VNFs should be identified and developed.                                                                                                                                                                                           | proper L2/L3 cross-OpenStack networking for VNFs should be identified and developed.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |   |
| Shared services  | Keystone, Nova-API                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | Keystone                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         | Heat,KeyStone                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | shared Nova, Cinder, Neutron, Ceilometer, Glance, KeyStone layer for multi-OpenStack instances in multi-sites orchestration                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |   |














New identified upstream project that could address the issue are more than welcomed to be added in the above table
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